wage rigidity造句

• Economists have devised all sorts of theories to explain wage rigidity.
• In a model with nominal wage rigidities, changes in exchange rate implies changes in actual real wage.
• The fact that price-wage rigidities can sustain co-ordination failures adds a new twist to explanations of involuntary unemployment.
• This skepticism is mostly directed to the severely restrictive assumptions required for divine coincidence to exist in the NKPC model, most prominently the absence of real wage rigidities.
• For  price-wage rigidities ", the presence of rigidities receives an explanation in Section Seven of Dr鑪e's lecture : Under incomplete markets, wage rigidities contribute to risk-sharing efficiency.
• Substituting profitable investments and variable social security contributions for deficit spending and straight wage rigidities, the proposed two-handed policies differ from either orthodox Keynesianism or New Keynesian policies.
• For  price-wage rigidities ", the presence of rigidities receives an explanation in Section Seven of Dr鑪e's lecture : Under incomplete markets, wage rigidities contribute to risk-sharing efficiency.
• The theme of the 1979 lecture ( 48 ) is taken up in several papers ( 91, 95, 101 ), exploring the definition and implementation of second-best wage rigidities.
• A neglected aspect of Pigou's work is his analysis of a range of labour-market phenomena studied by subsequent economists, including collective bargaining, wage rigidity, internal labour markets, segmented labour market, and human capital.
• Their monetary paper, The I Theory of Money, studies debt deflation ?la Fisher and the interaction between monetary policy and New Keynesian view, in which price and wage rigidities are the primary frictions.
• Within this group researchers tend to share with other economists the emphasis on models employing micro foundations and optimizing behaviour but with a narrower focus on standard Keynesian themes such as price and wage rigidity.
• The negative effects of inflation include an increase in the opportunity cost of holding money, uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage investment and savings, and if inflation were rapid enough, shortages of nominal wage rigidity.
• Indeed, in an article published last month in " The Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, " the economists George A . Akerlof, William T . Dickens and George L . Perry suggest that very low inflation may actually create wage rigidity that impairs economic efficiency.
• Ultimately, the system could not deal quickly enough with the large balance of payments deficits and surpluses; this was previously attributed to downward wage rigidity brought about by the advent of unionized labor, but is now considered as an inherent fault of the system that arose under the pressures of war and rapid technological change.